Is, the hexane fraction showed the presence of a major component, methyl palmitate (13.67 ), and minor elements such as methyl oleate (7.ten ), methyl stearate (2.35 ), 1,2-dimethyldecahydronaphthalene (three.05 ), 1,5-dimethyldecahydronaphthalene (two.98 ), three,three,7,11-tetramethyl-tricyclo[6.3.0.0(2,four)] underc8-ene (2.40 ), 5-phenylundecane (0.82 ) 6-phenyldodecane (0.87 ) and 5-phenyldodecane (1.35 ). Sri Nurestri et al.[51] reported that a mixture of methyl palmitate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate showed strong cytotoxic impact against Ca Ski, A549, at the same time as the normal cell line, MRC-5, with IC50 values less than 20 ug/ml. Methyl palmitate was also reported to exert cytotoxic impact on Tcell leukemia cell line (Molt-4) with an IC50 value of two.28 ug/ml whilst methyl stearate showed cytotoxicity to acute promyeloblastic leukemia cell line (HL-60) and Molt-4 cell line with IC50 values of three.08 and four.65 g/ml respectively [52]. In view on the above report, it is actually extremely probable that the toxicity shown by the hexane fraction perhaps partly because of the presence of methyl palmitate, methyl oleate and methyl stearate. The cytotoxic effect may well be contributed by one particular or even a combination of two or a lot more of these elements. Cytotoxic agents might bring about necrosis in cells whereby cells lose membrane integrity top to cell lysis or induce apoptosis cell death by activating an ordered series of biochemical events [53,54]peting interests The authors declare that they’ve no competing interests.350498-98-5 site Authors’ contributions CWP was accountable for conducting the experiments, information analysis and interpretation, and preparing the manuscript.952729-67-8 site SNAM was responsible for supplying the grants, conception of ideas, identification of components, and revising the manuscript. HI was accountable for supplying grants, conception of suggestions, collection and identification of plants, and revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The author want to acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) plus the University of Malaya (UM) for monetary help received through the following grants: MOSTI 12-02-03-2070 and PPP PS319/2010A.PMID:24455443 Received: ten May 2013 Accepted: 23 September 2013 Published: 1 October 2013 References 1. Vict io Computer: Therapeutic worth on the genus Alpinia, Zingiberaceae. Rev Bras Farmacogn 2011, 21:194?01. two. Matsuda H, Pongpiriyadacha Y, Morikawa T, Och M, Yoshikawa M: Gastroprotective effects of phenylpropanoids in the rhizomes of Alpinia galanga in rats: structural specifications and mode of action. Eur J Pharmacol 2003, 471:59?7. 3. Burkill IH: A Dictionary with the Economic Items of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agent; 1966. four. Malek SN, Phang CW, Ibrahim H, Norhanom W, Sim KS: Phytochemical and cytotoxic investigations of Alpinia mutica rhizomes. Molecules 2011, 16:583?89. five. Ghosh S, Rangan L: Alpinia: the gold mine of future therapeutics. 3 Biotech 2013, three:1?three. six. Awang K, Ibrahim H, Rosmy Syamsir D, Mohtar M, Mat Ali R, Azah Mohamad Ali N: Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity on the leaf and rhizome oils of Alpinia pahangensis Ridl., an endemic wild ginger from peninsular Malaysia. Chem Biodivers 2011, 8:668?73. 7. Paz-Elizur T, Sevilya Z, Leitner-Dagan Y, Elinger D, Roisman LC, Livneh Z: DNA repair oxidative DNA harm in human carcinogenesis: potential application for cancer risk assessment and prevention. Cancer Lett 2008, 266:60?2. 8. Moreira P, Smith MA, Zhu X, Hond.